A Particle Swarm Optimization Technique Tuned TID Controller for Frequency and Voltage Regulation with Penetration of Electric Vehicles and Distributed Generations

An interconnected power system requires specific restrictions to be maintained for frequency, tie-line power, and the terminal voltage of synchronized generators avoid instability. Therefore, frequency stability regulation issues are covered individually jointly in current research work. Initially test 1, automatic generation control (AGC) investigations done on two systems with thermal plants electric vehicles one area distributed other area. The regulator (AVR) problem alone is chosen investigation 2. third addresses combined AGC AVR issues. performance fractional-order tilt-integral-derivative (TID) controller compared that a widely used proportional integral derivative (PID) all three studies. findings demonstrate better TID than PID terms providing superior dynamic metrics, such as low peak overshoots, undershoots, settling time, well decreased oscillations amplitudes. Additionally, performs despite randomized load disturbance, non-linearities, time delays problem. PSO-tuned insensitive variation damping factor constants system. Finally, results validated by an OPAL-RT 4510 real-time digital simulator.